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| c. 570 BC |
| | Anaximander, a pupil of Thales, develops bold theories about the formation of the earth and the beginning of life | |
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| c. 380 BC |
| | A Greek text, attributed to Polybus, argues that the human body is composed of four humours | |
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| c. 300 BC |
| | The Greek author Theophrastus writes On the History of Plants, the earliest surviving work on botany | |
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| 1530 |
| | German botanist Otto Brunfels publishes Living images of plants, the first serious work of natural history with printed illustrations | |
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| 1560 |
| | Tobacco is grown in Europe's physic gardens for its medicinal qualities | |
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| 1596 |
| | Swiss botanist Gaspard Bauhin begins work classifying 6000 plants on a new binomial system of nomenclature | |
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| 1661 |
| | Italian doctor Marcello Malpighi discovers the capillaries, thus completing the evidence for the circulation of the blood | |
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| 1674 |
| | The Dutch scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek builds a microscope powerful enough for him to observe and describe the red corpuscles in blood | |
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| 1677 |
| | With his powerful new microscope Leeuwenhoek observes spermatozoa in the semen of a dog | |
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| 1686 |
| | English naturalist John Ray begins publication of his Historia Plantarum, classifying some 18,600 plants in 'mutual fertility' species | |
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